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Indications for Level II OB Ultrasound

 

1. History of a previous anomaly, most favourable for one can be ultrasonically visualized.

2. Abnormal maternal serum screening

 ie: elevated £\FP

3. Amniotic fluid volume abnormalities

4. Severe IUGR

5. Maternal illness (with or without medication exposed)

ie:  DM, heart disease, connective tissue disease, metabolic diseases, etc.

6. Referral cases (to confirm or to rule out the anomaly that was told)

7. Other circumstances:  adoption, anxiety.........


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6. ÃhºÃ­L¨à¥ý¤Ñ²§±`¡C

7. ¤l®c¤j¤p»P§³®WÄÖ¤£²Å¡C

8. §@¬°¯S®íÀˬd¦p¦Ï¤ô¬ï¨ë³N¡B­L¨àÂÀ¦å±Ä¨ú³N©Î­L¨à¤l®c¤ºªvÀø¤§»²§U¤u¨ã¡C

9. §³®W¦X¨Ö°©¬Ö¸~½Fªºµû¦ô¡C

 

§³®WÄÖ¤§¦ôºâ:

1. §³®W«e¤T­Ó¤ë´Á§³®WÄÖ

4-6¶g¡G¿ëÃѧ³®WÅn(gestational sac)¡C

5-7¶g¡GÅn¤º°j­µ(­L¤ß¸õ)¥X²{¡C

7-9¶g¡G¿ëÃÑ­F­L°jªÌ¡A¥i´ú¶qÀYÁvªø«×Crown rump length(CRL)¡C

7-12¶g¡G¥¿½T¥HCRL¦ôºâ§³®WÄÖ¡A¦¹´Á´ú¶q­È¤¤¥HCRL·Ç½T«×³Ì°ª¡A¨ä»~®t¬ù¬°¡Ó5¤Ñ¡C

2. §³®W¤¤¤T­Ó¤ë´Á§³®WÄÖ

¦¹´ÁCRL»~®t¥[¤j¡A´ú©w¥HBPD¡BFL¥[¤WAC¬°¥D¡C

¡±§³®W²Ä¤G¡B¤T¶¥¬q±`¥Î¥H¦ôºâ§³®WÄÖ¤§°Ñ¦Ò­È(parameters):

¤G°¼³»°©¸gBiparietal diameter(BPD)

´ú¶qBPD¤§¥¿½T­n¶µ:

¡EBPD¥²¶·¦b°¼¸£«Ç°ª«×¥H¤U¡A«ê¦n¦b²´²µ¤Î¸£²ô°ª«×¥H¤W¡AÀ³¬°§Z¶ê§Î¡C

¡EBPD½d³ò©Ò¨£¶·¥]¬A¥C¸£(thalamus)¡B³z©ú¹jµÄ(cavuum septum pellucidum)©M¤¤¸£°Ê¯ß³Õ°Ê¡C

¡E¤¤½u¦Ü¤G°¼½t¥²¶·µ¥®|¡C

¡EBPD¤§´ú¶q¥²¶·»P¤¤½u««ª½¡A¥Ñ¸£Æ`¤@°¼¤§¥~½t¦Ü¥t¤@°¼¤§¤º½t¡C

§Q¥Î³æ¤@BPD´ú¶q¦ôºâ§³®WÄÖªº¼Ð·Ç®t¦b12-20¶g¬°1-1.5¶g®t¡A¦b20-30¶g¼W¥[¦Ü1.5-2¶g®t¡C

 


 

ÀY³òHead circumference(HC)

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¡EHC¥i§ó·Ç½T§@¹ïºÙ©ÊIUGR¤Î¤pÀY¯gªºµû¦ô¡C

¸¡³ò(Abdominal circumference(AC)

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¡EACÀ³¬°¤@¹ïºÙ¶ê¡C

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¡EAC¤ºÀ³¥]¬A­L¨à¨xŦ¡B¯á´Õ¡B­G©Mªù¯ß¤À¤äªºÂÀ±a¬q¡C

¡¹¦³¤U¦C±¡§Î«h¼vÂQAC´ú¶q¤§¤£·Ç½T¡G

¡E¦Ï¤ô¹L¤Ö¡B­L¦ì¤£¥¿©Î¥ý¤Ñ²§±`À£­¢¸¡³¡¡C

¡E­L¨à¯á´Õ¥¿¦V´Â¤W©Î¥¿¦V´Â¤U¡C

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ªÑ°©®|Femur leng(FL)

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¡E´ú¶qÀ³±q°©·F¥½ºÝ¦Ó¦Ü¤j²Ê¶©(greater trochanter)¡C


¡E°j­µ¼v¹³¦³§U©ó¥¿½T´ú¶qFL¡A§³®W¤¤¤T­Ó¤ë´Á§@³æ¤@FL´ú¶q¦ôºâ§³®WÄÖªº¼Ð·Ç®t»PBPD¦P¡C

 

3. §³®W¥½¤T­Ó¤ë´Á§³®WÄÖ:

a. ¦¹´Á¥Ñ©ó­LÀY¦¨ªø³t«×Áͽw¡A¥B­LÀY§Îª¬ÅܤƷ¥¤j¡A¬G³æ¤@BPD´ú¶qµû¦ô­LÄÖ¸û¤£·Ç½T¡A¦¹¥~¦pÁv¦ì©M¾î¦ì²£¤]¨Ï±o¾Þ§@§Þ³N§ó¬°§xÃø¡C¬GÀY³òªº´ú¶q¦b¦¹·U«á´Á·U¨ã°Ñ¦Ò»ù­È¡C

b. ¾ã­Ó¨Ó»¡¡A¦¹´Á¨ü¨ì­L¨à¸û¤j¤Î¬Û¹ï¤l®c¤ºªÅ¶¡ªºÁY¤p¨Ï±o¥ô¦ó¤@³æ¤@°Ñ¦Ò­È¤§´ú¶q»~®t§¡¸û¤j¡C

c. ºî¦X³o¨Ç²z¥Ñ¡A«Øij¦¹´Á­LÄÖªº´ú©wÀ³¥H¦h¶µ°Ñ¦Ò­Èµû¦ô¬°¥D¡C

d. ¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A¹ï30-36¶gªÌ±Ä¤U¦C°Ñ¦Ò­È¥­§¡

Âù³»°©®|

¸¡³ò

ªÑ°©®|

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ÀY³ò

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ªÑ°©®|

 

¡±Summary¡G³æ¤@¶W­µªi´ú§³®WÄÖ¦b¦U§³®W´Á¸û¨Î¤§°Ñ¦Ò­È¤ÎÀu¥ý¶¶§Ç

4-7¶g¡G§³®WÅn(GS)

6-13¶g¡GÀYÁvªø«×(CRL)

14-30¶g¡GÂù³»°©®|BPD)

ªÑ°©ªø«×(FL)

¸¡³ò(AC)

30-36¶g¡GÂù³»°©®|(BPD)

¸¡³ò(AC)

ªÑ°©ªø«×(FL)

36-40¶g¡GÀY³ò(HC)

¸¡³ò(AC)

ªÑ°©ªø«×(FL)

 

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§³®W²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¡G

1. §³®WÅn¦ì¸m¡C

2. ¿ëÃÑ­F­L¶W­µªi¼v¹³¡C

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5. ­L¼Æ¡C

6. µû¦ô¦³µL¦ñÀH¤§°©¬Ö¸~½F¡C

 

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1. ¤@¯ë¤l®c¤º§³®W¤§¬ÛÃö­n¯À: ­L¼Æ¡B­L¦ì¡B­L½L¤À¯Å¡A¤Î¦ì¸m¡B¦Ï¤ô¶qªºµû¦ô¡C

2. ±`¥Î¥H¦ôºâ­LÄÖ¤§°Ñ¦Ò­È: BPD¡BHC¡BAC¡BFL¡A¨Ã®Ú¾Ú¥i§Q¥Î¤§¹Ï¸Ñªíªº«e«á°Ñ·Óºâ¥X¹w´ú­LÅé­«¡C

3. ­L¨à¸Ñ­å¤§¦U¶W­µªi¼v¹³: Æ`¤º¸Ñ­å¤Î¸£«Çµ²ºc¡B¤ßŦ¥|©Ð«Ç¼v¹³¤Î¤ß²v¤§µû¦ô¡Bªc§¿¨t²Î(µÇŦ¡B»H¯Ö)¡A¥Í´Þ¾¹¡B­G¡BÂÀ±a±µµÛ³B¡A¥B¾¨¥i¯à§ä¥X¤G°Ê¤@ÀR¯ß¤§ÂÀ±a¼v¹³¡C

4. ¦p­L¨à¦ì¸m¾A·í¡A¥iªþ±aÅã¥Ü­L¨àÁy³¡¬O§_¦³§K®BÃEµõ¤§±¡§Î¡C

5. ²¤¬°µû¦ô°©¬ÖµÄ¤§ª¬ªp(¦p¤l®c©Î§Z±_¸~½F©Î¸¡¤ôµ¥)¡C

 

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²ÄI¯Å¡Gµ³¤ò½¤¥­­±½u§Î·|§e²{¥X¬ð¾Uªºö_¾¦ª¬¡A­L½L¥»½è¦³³¡¥÷´²®g°ª¿@«×°Ï¡C

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²ÄIII¯Å: ³rÂIª¬¿@«×ªu¦ù¦Üµ³¤ò½¤¥­­±¡A¨Ï­L½L§e²{§¹¥þ¤À¸­ª¬(cotyledons)¡C

 

­L½L¤À¯Å©M­L¨à§³®WÄÖ            

­L½L¤À¯Å        ¹w¦ô§³®WÄÖ       

    0                 ¦Ü§³®W30¶g

    I                  31¶g¦Ü¨¬¤ë(40%)

                       31¶g¦Ü36¶g(45%)

    II                 36¶g¦Ü¨¬¤ë(30%)

    III                ¨¬¤ë(15-20%)     

¹ï¥¿±`§³®W¦Ó¨¥¡A²Ä¤T¯Å­L½L¥i¹w´ú¬°­L¨àªÍ¤w¦¨¼ô¡A¦ý¦b§³®W34¶g¤§«e¡A­L½L¦­´Á¦¨¼ô«o¥i¯à¥Nªí¯S§Oªº§³®W¦X¨Ö¯g¦pIUGR¡B°ª¦åÀ£©MSLEµ¥¡C

 

¡¹¦Ï¤ô¶qªºµû¦ô

¤@¯ë¥H¥ÀÅé¨{ÂÀ¬°¤¤¤ß¡A§@¤Q¦r§Î¹º¤À¬°¥|©T¶H­­¡A¶q¨ú¦U¶H­­¤§««ª½³Ì¤j¦Ï¤ô³U²`«×¡AÁ`©M§Y¬°Amniotic fluid index(AFI)¡A¥¿±`­È¬°8-22¡C

 

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Ultrasound in Obstetrics

 

First trimester ultrasound- ¤@¯ë¥H vaginal probe ¬°¥D

n           Confirm intrauterine pregnancy

n           Dating

n           Abnormal bleeding- threaten abortion, incomplete abortion

n           Abnormal pregnancy- ectopic?, mole?

Routine ultrasound in obstetrics

n           A second trimester ultrasound scan should be offered to all women- °·«Oµ¹¥I

n           16~20 weeks

n           Dating, biometry and detect malformation

 

Key images of routine ultrasound

n           Placenta and cervix

n           Amniotic fluid ¡V  polyhydramnios>25 cm

                      oligohydramnios<10 cm

n           Intracranial anatomy- BPD, HC

   Ventricular plane- atrium

   Transcerebellar plane with transcerebellar diameter 

n           Fetal spine-coronal or longitudinal plane

n           Heart- four chamber view,Stomach,Kidney

n           Abdominal wall at cord insertion,Bladder,femur

measurements

n           BPD,HC,TCD( transcerebellar diameter),VP,AC ,FL

 

Targeted imaging for fetal anomalies(TIFFA)

n           Level II and level III( fetal cardioechography) ¾¦Û¶O

n           Time consuming

n           Performed by physician

 

Physician in targeted imaging

n           Need for additional tests, for example, X ray film of abdomen in some skeletal defects, MRI or amniocentesis

n           Necessity for serial ultrasonic study

n           Indications for in utero surgery

ƒÞTiming and location of delivery

ƒÞPrognosis

Medico-legal issues

 

 

Indication for TIFFA
History of a previous anomaly, one can be visualized ultrasonically

n           Abnormal level of amniotic fluid  or maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein

n           AFI abnormality

ƒÞIUGR

ƒÞMaternal DM

ƒÞExposure to teratogen

ƒÞAbsent end-diastolic velocity of umbilical artery by doppler

ƒÞother

 

 

External body defects

n           Skeletal dysplasia,Cystic hygroma

n           Hydrops,Tumor,face

 

Cardio-pulmonary

n           Heart position

n           four chamber view

n           Five chamber view

n           Short axis

n           Long axis

ƒÞGreat vessel view

ƒÞGreat vessel crossing

ƒÞPA/AO ratio

ƒÞ

 

ƒÞAortic arch

ƒÞDuctal arch

ƒÞPericardial area

ƒÞPulmonary area

 

 

Rhythm of heart

n           M mode

 

GU & GI

n           Diaphragm,Stomach(left),Bowel pattern

n           liver

n           ABD wall/ cord insertion

 

Specific fetal measurement

n           V/H ratio

n           Ventricular atrium

n           Cerebellum

n           Binocular distance

ƒÞNuchal occipital thickness

ƒÞThroracic circuference

ƒÞL/R kidney circumference

CNS

n           Cranium

n           Lateral ventricle

n           Third ventricle

n           Thalami

n           Posterior fossa

n           Spine- neck, thoracic, lumbarsacral

 

Sonography-guide invasive procedure

n           Amniocentesis

n           CVS

n           Cord blood sampling

 

Three-dimensional ultrasonography

n           Facial profile

n           Volume measurement

n           Easy explaination

 

 


Gynecologic Color Doppler Ultrasound

 

 

±m¦â¶W­µªiªºµo®i¨´¤µ¬ù¦³25¦~¾ú¥v¡A¦Ó¨äµo®i³t«×¤Î¹B¥Î¨ì²£¬ì¡B°ü¬ì§@¬°¶EÂ_¤u¨ã¤é§Î­«­n¡C¶W­µªi±´ÀY(transducer)¤W´¹Åé(crystal)©Òµo¥Xªº­µªi¸I¨ì²¾°Êªºª«Åé«á¤Î¼u¦^±´ÀY®É²£¥ÍÀW²v§ïÅÜ(frequency shift or doppler shift)¡A³o¨Çdoppler shift¸g¤½¦¡´«ºâ«á§Y¥i¥Î¥H­pºâ¦åºÞ¤ºªº¦å¬yÅܤƱ¡§Î¡A¨Ã´úª¾¦åºÞªý¤O«Y¼Æ¡Cfolkmann 1974¦~´£¥Xtumor¤ºªº·s¥Í¦åºÞ²z½×(neovascularization theory)¤¤ªí¥Ü¸~½F¨Ì¨ä§Ö³tªº¥Í¦¨©Ò»Ý¨ä¤º¦åºÞ±K«×²§±`¼W¥[¡A¨Ã¥B¸~½F¤ºªº¦åºÞ¤º¤§¦Ù¦×¼h(muscular layer)¤Î¼u¤OÅÖºû(elastic fiber)¸ûÁ¡¨Ï±o¦åºÞªý¤O¸û¤@¯ë¦åºÞ¤p¡A³o¼Ëªº²z½×¤Þµo¤F±m¦â¶W­µªi©ó¤â³N«e¹w´ú§Z±_¸~½F¬O¨}©Ê©Î´c©Êªº¼sªx¬ã¨s¡C¨Ì³o¨Ç¬ã¨sµ²ªG¦A«×±À¼s¨ì¤l®c¤º½¤Àù¤Îtrophoblastic tumor¤§¤W¡C


¦b°Q½×³o¨Ç¬ã¨s¤§«e¥H¤U´X­Ó¥Î¥H´y­zªý¤O«Y¼Æªº¦Wµü¥²¶·¥ý¤F¸Ñ¡G

 

¥Ø«e¥Hovarian cancer©Mendometrial cancerªºÀ³¥Î³Ì¬°±`¨£¡A²­z©ó¤U¡G


1. Real-time sonography: ¦b¤@¯ë¹ê®É¶¡ªº¶W­µªiÀˬd¤¤¡A­Y¥X²{septum¡Bsolid part¡Bpapillary growth¤Îascitesµ¥¡A¥²¶·ÃhºÃ´c©Ê¯fÅܪº¥i¯à©Ê¡A¦Cªí©ó¤U°Ñ¦Ò¡G

 

 

 

2. Color Doppler (¤×¨ä¬Oseptum©Msolid part¤W)¨Ã­pºâPI¡BRI¥Î¥H±À´ú´c©Ê¸~½Fªº¥i¯à©Ê¼Æ¾Ú¦p¤U¡G

¬ PI < 1.0: accuracy of diagnosis is 95.8% (kawai M. OB. Gyn 1992;79:163-7)¡C

­ RI < 0.4: accuracy of diagnosis is 99.3% (kurjak A. Br. Med J 1990;300-330)¡C

* ´ú¶q®É¥Htransvaginal sonography¤ñtransaldomial sonography¬°Àu¡A¦]transvaginal sonography probe¶ZÂ÷¸~½F¸ûªñ¡A©ñ¤j¦ì­¿²v¸û°ª¡A¥Bprobe¸û¤£·|¦]¬°¯f¤Hªº©I§l¹B°Ê¦Ó²¾°Ê¡A¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥transabdominal sonography¥u¥Î©óµL©Ê¦æ¬°¤§¯f±w¡C

 

 

 

 

Endometrial Cancer¡G

1. Menopausal women: ­±¹ïpostmenopausal vaginal bleedingªº¯f±w¡A¥ý§@real-tine sonography (transvaginal)¬Ý¤l®c¤º½¤ªº«p«×¡A­Y¡Ø0.5¤½¤À¡A«h¨ä¬°endometrial cancerªº¾÷·|´X¥G¨S¦³¡F­Y¡Ö0.5¤½¤À¡A«hÀ³¶i¤@¨B§@±m¦â¶W­µªi¡A¤l®cÃè«á§@Fr D&C + Cx Bx¡C

2. Endometrial cancerªºfinding:

¬ Endometrial echogenic shadow:®Ú¾Úkurjak©ó1994ªºreport¡A¥HRI < 0.4§@¶EÂ_¨ä¥¿½T²v¥i¹F90%¥H¤W¡C

­ Loss of subendometrial halo zone: ¤º½¤¤Uªºecholuscent zone¦pªG®ø¥¢¸g±`ªí¥Ü¦³myometrial invasion¡C

® Myometrium shadow: ¥Hmyometrium¤º¤§heterogenous echo¥i¥H¬Ý¥Xmyometrial invasion¨ÌShipley¤ÎKarlssonµ¥¤Hªº¬ã¨s¥¿½T©Ê¤]¥i¹F85%¡C

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


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µ´¤j³¡¥÷¥¿±`­L¨à¡A³£¥i¬Ý¨ì¦¹³z©ú±a¡F¦ý¬V¦âÅ鲧±`­L¨à(¯S§O¬O­ð¤ó¯g¨à)¡A¨äÀV³¡³z©ú±a·|©úÅã¼W«p¡C¦X¨ÖÀV³¡³z©ú±a«p«×»P¥À¿Ë¦~ÄÖ¡A¥i¥H§Q¥Î¹q¸£³nÅé¨Óµû¦ô±zÃh¦³­ð¤ó¯g¨àªº¥i¯à¾÷²v¡C³oºØ¾÷²v·§©À»P¥Ø«e¥À¦å¿zÀË­ð¤ó¯g©Ò±oªº¾÷²vÃþ¦ü¡A¥Ñ¦¹¾÷²v¦A¨Ó§PŪ±z¬O§_»Ý­n¶i¤@¨B±µ¨üÀˬd¡C

¥Ø«e¦b­^°ê¤Î¼Ú¬w¤w¦³³\¦hÂå¾Ç¤¤¤ß¡A¦b²£«eÀˬd´£¨Ñ¦¹ºØ¶W­µªi±½´y¡C³oºØ¶W­µªi±½´y¤èªk¡A¬J²³æ¤S¦w¥þ¡A¥u­n¸g¥Ñ¥¥°ü¸¡³¡¡A¤£¥Î§Ô¨ü³Ü¤ôº¦»H¯Ö¤§­Y¡C§Y¥i¬Ý¨ì­L¨à¦­´Áµo¨|ª¬ªp¡C

 

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